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How to Plan Your Organic Garden
A successful organic garden depends upon growing a wide diversity of plants, including as many native plants as possible, in order to attract wildlife and useful pest predators. The result will inevitably be informal. There is, however, no reason why an informal garden should look neglected or untidy and, indeed, there is every reason why it should not. Pests and diseases go hand-in-hand with a slovenly approach to gardening; a neat and tidy garden, where regular cultivation keeps unwanted weeds at bay and where you remove rubbish before it has a chance to accumulate, is bound to be more efficient and productive.
My own belief is that a garden is essentially a personal place, and so its final design must be something that you have conceived and put into practice yourself. We all have the innate creative ability to transform that muddy patch of ground outside the back door into a beautiful, productive and, above all, enjoyable place in which to be. And bear in mind that, no matter how inexperienced you are, nature will give you a hand along the way.
First, take account of the physical characteristics of your garden - the soil type, the direction it faces and so on. Second, draw up lists of the features that you need to include in your garden such as windbreaks, or trash storage areas - and the features you would like, such as a vegetable garden, compost bins, a greenhouse or a terrace. Then, before you start any real gardening, draw up a plan of your garden and work out where you want to site things in relation to each other. These principles apply if you are starting a garden from scratch, taking over an established garden, or simply changing to organic gardening.
The Physical Characteristics of Your Garden
When contemplating the overall plan of your garden, consider its physical characteristics, such as the direction it faces, your local climate, and the type of soil you have to work with - clay, peat, silt, sand or limestone.
The features that are within your power to change, or improve, include drainage and the quality of your soil and the contour of the land. The techniques for improving them, however, will vary according to the soil type of your situation.

Aspect and Climate
It is not possible to do anything about your garden 's orientation and you can rarely remove shade, which is generally caused by the house, walls or fences. Likewise you can do nothing about the weather. Altitude, rainfall and the wind will all dictate certain features of the garden, such as the amount of shade and protection you need to provide. If frosts are a regular occurrence, or you live in a frost-pocket (a low-lying area where frost accumulates), make sure that you use the correct type of hedging or fencing to minimize the problem, and that you choose late-flowering or especially hardy plants that are not going to lose fruit and flowers every time the weather turns cold.
Soil Types
There are five main soil types - clay, silt, sand, limestone and peat. Each one is made up of a mixture of minerals, the proportions of which are highly variable even within a small area. An important consideration with soil types is the degree of acidity or alkalinity, or the lime content. Certain plants prefer certain types of soil and, while you can do much to improve the general fertility or drainage qualities of a poor soil, and even make special provisions for "unsuitable plants ", it is easier, in the ornamental areas, to grow plants that are happy in the existing soil conditions. You may, though, have to take measures to alter the soil pH for your vegetable and fruit areas.
Steep Slopes
Steep slopes are difficult to maintain. It is much better to terrace the garden to form a series of "plateaux " linked by paths or steps even though this involves a great deal of hard work initially. It is not good enough simply to level the top-soil because that results in an extra deep layer of topsoil at the front and very little at the back. The only satisfactory way is to dig off all the topsoil from the area and level the subsoil before replacing it.

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